Which of the following is a control measure for immature mosquitoes?

The use of biological control agents is a highly effective measure for managing immature mosquitoes. These agents, such as certain species of fish, bacteria (like Bacillus thuringiensis israelensis or Bti), and other microorganisms, target mosquito larvae and pupae in aquatic environments where mosquitoes breed. By introducing these natural predators or pathogens into standing water, the population of immature mosquitoes can be significantly reduced before they mature into adults, thereby decreasing the risk of adult mosquitoes transmitting diseases.

In contrast, other methods like space spraying, adult trapping, and fogging focus on addressing adult mosquitoes rather than those in their immature stages. Space spraying disperses insecticide in a manner designed to kill adult mosquitoes in flight. Adult trapping methods aim to catch and analyze adult specimens but don’t directly eliminate immature mosquitoes. Fogging, similarly to space spraying, entails applying insecticide to control adult populations. Therefore, while these methods are useful in the mosquito control arsenal, they do not specifically target the larval and pupal stages, which is crucial for a comprehensive pest management strategy.